Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a prominent technology for wastewater treatment due to their high removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely employed in MBR systems owing to their inherent resistance to fouling, chemical durability,

Membrane bioreactors (MABR) are emerging technologies rapidly revolutionizing the landscape of wastewater treatment. Unlike conventional methods, MABR processes integrate a biological reactor with a membrane purification module, offering enhanced effectiveness. This integrated approach delivers s